Telomeres: Guardians of genetics and aging
Keywords:
Telómeros; telomerasa; envejecimiento celular; senescencia; biomarcadoresAbstract
Introduction: Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures located at the ends of chromosomes whose main function is to preserve genetic information during cell replication. The progressive shortening of these sequences is linked to cellular aging processes and the development of chronic diseases with high prevalence in the world population. Objective: To systematize the structure and function of telomeres, the mechanisms that explain their shortening, and their relationship with aging and associated diseases. Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted using searches in PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO. Original and review articles published between 2024 and 2025 were selected, prioritizing those from the last five years due to their currency and relevance. Development: Telomeres are composed of short nucleotide subunits and protein assemblies of the shelterin complex, which regulate their stability. Telomere shortening occurs due to repeated cell division, exposure to oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Telomerase, an enzyme capable of telomere elongation, is active in stem, germ, and cancer cells, which explains its dual role in regeneration and oncogenesis. Telomere length is recognized as a biomarker of biological age and is associated with cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases, as well as affective disorders such as major depression. Conclusions: Telomeres represent an essential component in the biology of aging. Strategies based on lifestyle modifications and therapies targeting telomerase offer promising prospects for promoting healthy aging and reducing the impact of chronic diseases in the population.
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